Epinephrine Archives

Tag: Epinephrine

A hormone and neurotransmitter, also known as adrenaline. Adrenaline and noradrenline are two separate but related hormones and neurotransmitters. They are produced in the centre (medulla) of the adrenal glands and in some neurons of the central nervous system. They are released into the bloodstream and serve as chemical mediators, and also convey the nerve impulses to various organs. Adrenaline has many different actions depending on the type of cells it is acting upon. However, the overall effect of adrenaline is to prepare the body for the ‘fight or flight’ response in times of stress, i.e. for vigorous and/or sudden action. Key actions of adrenaline include increasing the heart rate, increasing blood pressure, expanding the air passages of the lungs, enlarging the pupil in the eye (see photo), redistributing blood to the muscles and altering the body’s metabolism, so as to maximise blood glucose levels (primarily for the brain).

A closely related hormone, noradrenaline, is released mainly from the nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system (as well as in relatively small amounts from the adrenal medulla). There is a continuous low level of activity of the sympathetic nervous system resulting in release of noradrenaline into the circulation, but adrenaline release is only increased at times of acute stress.

Awareness, Living with Neuroendocrine Cancer, Patient Advocacy, TreatmentAdrenal medulla, Adrenaline, Carcinoid crisis, Carcinoid syndrome, Carcinoid tumour, Cardiopulmonary hemodynamic instability, Catecholamines, Chromaffin cells, Cortisol, Epi pens, Epinephrine, Hormonal crisis, Hormones, Hypertension, Hypotension, Intraoperative hypertensive crisis, NET syndromes, Neuroendocrine tumour (NET), Norepinephrine, Pheochromocytoma, Pressor amines, Serotonin, Somatostatin analogues, The 5 E's, Thorson-Bioerck syndrome, Vasoactive amines, Vasoactive peptides

Neuroendocrine Tumour (NET) – don’t let it be a Crisis

By Ronny Allan Oct 22, 2024 6 Comments

Awareness, Diet and Nutrition, Living with Neuroendocrine Cancer, Patient Advocacy, Survivorship, Treatment5-HIAA, Alcohol, Alcohol flushing reaction, Carbocaine, Carcinoid crisis, Carcinoid heart disease, Carcinoid syndrome, Carcinoid tumour, Diet, Epinephrine, Ethanol, Flushing, Hypertension, Intraoperative hypertensive crisis, Lanreotide, Liver metastases, Malabsorption, Marcaine, NET syndromes, Novocaine, Octreotide, Paraganglioma, Pheochromocytoma, Probiotic, Surgery, Syndrome, The 5 E's

The 5 E’s (of Carcinoid Syndrome)

By Ronny Allan Aug 27, 2024 5 Comments

The 5 Es was a good idea but the boundary was never properly defined. I don't believe it applies to all NETs and I don't believe it is confined to carcinoid syndrome Original Post Since my diagnosis, I seem to have been in a perpetual learning phase! What not to do, what not to eat, what not to read! However, early on in my experience, I came across a list of 'E' words (5 of them) which is a handy reminder for Carcinoid Syndrome patients, particularly those whose symptoms are not under control. When I say "carcinoid syndrome" in this article,…

Patient Advocacy24-hour urinary catacholamines and metanephrines, 5-HIAA, 5-Hydrotryptophan (5-HTP), Addison's disease, Adrenal insufficiency, Adrenaline, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Aldosterone, Anaphylactic shock, Androgrens, Antihistamines, Appendiceal NET, Bradykinin, Calcitonin, Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Carcinoid crisis, Carcinoid heart disease, Carcinoid syndrome, Catecholamines, Chromogranin A (CgA), Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), Cushing's disease, Cushing's syndrome, Diarrhea, Endocrine, Enterochromaffin cells, Epinephrine, Estrogen, Fight or flight, Flushing, Ga68 PET/CT, Gastric NET, Gastrin, Glucagon, Histamine, Hormones, HPA axis, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypocortisolism, Hypotension, Hypothalamus, Insulin, Intraoperative hypertensive crisis, Islet cell, Islet of Langerhams, Kallikrein, Lanreotide, Lung NETs, Malabsorption, Mast cell, Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), Metanephrines, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN), NET syndromes, Neuroendocrine, Neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN), Neurokinin A (NKA), Neuropeptide K, Neurotensin, Neurotransmitter, Norepinephrine, Nutrition, Octreotide, Octreotide scan, Ovarian NEN, Pancreastatin, Pancreatic NET (PanNET), Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), Paraganglioma, Pellagra, Peptide, Pheochromocytoma, PPoma, Prostaglandin, Pruritus, Serotonin, Somatostatin, Somatostatinoma, Substance P, Tachycardia, Tachykinin, Telotristat ethyl (Xermelo), Testosterone, The 5 E's, Tryptophan, Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), Vasodilation, VIPoma, Xermelo (Telotristat ethyl)

Neuroendocrine Cancer – Horrible Hormones

By Ronny Allan Mar 22, 2024 15 Comments

Updated and reviewed 20th March 2024 Hormonal imbalances are quite common in many conditions including day to day stuff. With Neuroendocrine Cancer, it can be a real challenge both at diagnostic and maintenance phases. In addition to the cancer angle, there's some strange stuff going on, inexplicable, frightening for the patient, an unwanted ingredient causing chaos!Until I was diagnosed with metastatic Neuroendocrine Cancer, I didn't have a clue about hormones - it's one of those things you just take for granted. However, hormones are vital to human health (male and female) and it's only when things go wrong you suddenly…

Clinical Trials and Research, TreatmentAdvanced neuroendocrine cancer, Anesthesia, Carcinoid crisis, Carcinoid syndrome, Cardiopulmonary hemodynamic instability, Distributive shock, Epinephrine, Octreotide, Vasosuppressors

Do we need a new model for Carcinoid Crisis in NETs?

By Ronny Allan Jan 29, 2024 4 Comments

Update January 2024 Dr Rodney Pommier, a NET specialist surgeon in Oregon has been writing about the issue of carcinoid crisis for some years and has finally produced data which turns previous guidelines on their head. Clearly when it comes to (so called) carcinoid crisis, surgeons are at the sharp end of experience alongside their anaesthetist colleagues. The detail from the study sits behind a paywall but the conclusion is given and cited below. You can read the abstract here or click on the 'conclusion' section below. I again emphasise as I have done in the original publication of this…

A spotlight on NENs - Types, Awareness, Patient Advocacy, Spotlight on NENs - Types Series123I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG), 131I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG), 18F-FDG, 18F-FDOPA, 24-hour urinary catacholamines and metanephrines, Adrenal glands, Adrenal medulla, Adrenaline, Adrenocortical Carcinoma (ACC), Anxiety, AZEDRA, Catecholamines, EPAS1, Epinephrine, Familial NET, FH, Ga68 PET/CT, Genetics, Hormonal crisis, Hormones, Hyperadrenergic, Hypertension, Intraoperative hypertensive crisis, Iobenguane I 131, MDH2, MEN2 syndrome, MIBG scan, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN), Nausea, Neuroendocrine, Neuroendocrine cancer, Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), Neuroendocrine tumour (NET), NF1, Octreotide scan, Palpitation, Pheochromocytoma, RET, Scan, SDHA, SDHAF2(SDH5), SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, Somatostatin analogues, Surgery, Sweating, Tachycardia, The 5 E's, Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Syndrome

Neuroendocrine Tumours: a spotlight on Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma

By Ronny Allan Dec 14, 2016 4 Comments

Updated 19th August 2025I spend a lot of time talking about the most common forms of Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs), but what about the less well-known types? As part of my commitment to all types of NETs, I'd like to shine a light on two less common tumour types known as Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas - with an incidence rate of approximately 8 per million per year. They are normally grouped together, and the definitions below will confirm why. If you think it's difficult to diagnose a mainstream NET, this particular sub-type is a real challenge.So, let's get definitions out of the…