Update February 2026. Before you read this, please note:
Why Practice Is Changing Faster Than the Guidelines
Modern peri‑operative management for neuroendocrine tumours is evolving rapidly, and several factors explain why clinical practice in some expert centres has moved ahead of formal guidelines:
1. New evidence challenges long‑held assumptions
Recent surgical series — most prominently from OHSU Portland USA — show that prophylactic octreotide does not reliably prevent carcinoid crisis and that crises behave more like distributive shock, responding better to vasopressors than to somatostatin analogues. This directly contradicts decades of dogma.
2. Guidelines update slowly by design
Bodies such as NANETS, ENETS, NCCN, UKINETS require:
– multiple independent data sources,
– consensus across disciplines,
– and formal review cycles.
Even strong new evidence can take years to filter into guideline revisions.
3. Crisis definitions were outdated
Older guidelines were built around vague or inconsistent definitions of “carcinoid crisis.” Modern analyses show that many events previously labelled as crisis were actually anaesthetic‑related hypotension, not serotonin‑mediated physiology. This mismatch makes older recommendations difficult to apply to contemporary practice.
4. Expert centres adapt quickly when evidence is clear
High‑volume NET surgical teams with experienced anaesthesia support can safely adopt new approaches before guidelines catch up. OHSU is the clearest example: they have formally abandoned prophylactic octreotide and rely on vasopressors for crisis‑like hypotension.
5. A new international consensus is in progress
Because existing guidelines no longer reflect modern evidence, an international Delphi process is underway to redefine:
– what constitutes a true carcinoid crisis,
– how to prevent it,
– and how to treat it effectively.
This work is expected to inform the next generation of guidelines.
Update November 2025.
This new document from the same surgeon and NET team below has further justified why they now adopt a totally different approach to nearly everyone else and they can back it up with evidence.
This followed the updated blog below “Do we need a new model for carcinoid crisis in NETs?“. It looks like they have deployed this ‘new model’ given their statement “Based on our research, at Oregon Health & Science University, we have entirely stopped using octreotide during operations, relying instead on vasopressors and treatment directed at managing distributive shock”.
Worth a read.
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Intraoperative Carcinoid Crisis in NET Operations – Eluding Dogma with Current Understanding
Meuchel, Lucas W. et al.Surgical Oncology Insight, Volume 0, Issue 0, 100198
Update January 2024.
A study, initially presented at NANETS 2021 produced data to suggest the causes and treatment for carcinoid crisis have been wrong and that a new model is required. Since then, this theme has persisted and is making headway, at least in USA. Read the article here or by clicking on the picture.
Author’s note: This is probably a controversial conclusion in some circles and it’s worth pointing out that so-called ‘carcinoid crisis’ isn’t going away, just the need for time-consuming and expensive, and apparently ineffective according to the study, perioperative protection. And the study also noted that medication to treat complications was still required. I don’t believe we should immediately dismiss this conclusion as one of the authors is a ‘big hitter’ NET Specialist surgeon (Dr Rodney Pommier) whose job is to keep patients safe on the operating table.
The original article follows
The word ‘crisis’ has a wide range of meanings and it’s well used in the media to catch the reader’s attention. Lately, the terms ‘political crisis’, financial ‘crisis’ and ‘constitutional crisis’ appear almost daily in media headlines. In a previous life, the term ‘crisis management’ was used daily in the work I was undertaking as I went from problem to problem, dampening or putting out fires (….. that’s a metaphor!). Thinking back, my adrenaline (epinephrine), norepinephrine, and cortisol must have been very busy!
However, in the world of Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs), ‘crisis’ has a very significant meaning, and its very mention will make ears prick up. The word ‘crisis’ is normally spoken or written using the term ‘Carcinoid Crisis’ given it is normally associated with those who have carcinoid syndrome. One might assume it only involves patients with tumours in locations previously described using the ancient term “carcinoid“. Perhaps this is another knock-on effect caused by the historical use of the word ‘Carcinoid‘ to incorrectly refer to all NETs. However, I’ve studied and researched and it would appear that some form of ‘crisis’ might apply to at least one other NET – Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma – a catecholamine-secreting group of tumours (see more below). Although this is a different variant of crisis situation, maybe there should be a more generic NETs wide term?
What is (so-called) ‘Carcinoid Crisis’?
In the simplest of terms, it is a dangerous change in blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing (technical term – cardiopulmonary hemodynamic instability). On an operating table under anaesthetics or an invasive procedure such as liver embolization, this can be an event that could worry both patient and doctor. Incidentally, this happens with many other types of conditions (…… hormones and peptides do exist in other illnesses). However, with a patient already oversecreting these hormones and peptides, it could be a risky affair.
What is the difference between carcinoid crisis and carcinoid syndrome?
A carcinoid crisis is said to be a situation where nearly all of the possible symptoms of carcinoid syndrome come at the same time and in some severity. Carcinoid crisis is a serious and life-threatening complication of carcinoid syndrome and is generally found in people who already have carcinoid syndrome. The crisis may occur suddenly, or it can be associated with stress, or a reaction to treatment, but it is mainly a result of the use of anaesthesia. There is probably a thin line between a severe bout of carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid crisis but generally, it can be characterized by an abrupt flushing of face and sometimes upper body, usually severe falls in blood pressure and even bronchospasm with wheezing can infrequently occur. The attack may look like a severe allergic reaction.
It is said by one very well-known NET expert to “not to be something which happens randomly to all patients, it is usually linked to a medical procedure of some sort when you are having anaesthesia”. Dr Eric Liu also said, “Luckily it is relatively uncommon”.
Why does it happen to some NET Patients?
NETs can release a variety of ‘vasoactive peptides’ (hormones) in excess (e.g. serotonin, tachykinins, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), catecholamines, i.e. anything can directly affect blood vessel diameter and blood flow). Under normal circumstances in NET, these could present as routine syndromes which may need to be controlled.
Excess amounts of these vasoactive substances can cause both hypertension and hypotension (high and low blood pressure respectively). In extreme cases, this can lead to what is known as a crisis situation. Anaesthetists are trained to react to these situations during surgery.
How is the risk managed?
Most people are effectively managed on monthly injections of Octreotide/Lanreotide but some people still need ‘rescue shots’ (top-ups) when they are experiencing breakthrough symptoms. When I was symptomatic (syndromic), I would regularly flush in stressful situations but that was definitely syndrome rather than crisis. Check out my video explaining how I felt. It’s worth reading something called the 5 E’s of Carcinoid Syndrome, probably useful to other types of NETs as I’m sure there is some overlap (again the ‘carcinoid’ term is unintentionally used as a catch-all).
If you research this plus perhaps from your own experience, you will know there are different ideas and ‘protocols’. However, they all mostly involve some pre-procedure infusion of a somatostatin analogue (normally Octreotide) – although I’d love to hear from anyone who has had Lanreotide as an alternative. Some doctors or hospitals are known to have their own ‘protocols’ and I’ve uploaded the one from the ISI NET book page 215 (Wang, Boudreaux, O’Dorisio, Vinik, Woltering, et al). Click here. Please note this is an example rather than a recommendation as this is something the (then) NOLA team has developed for their own centre.
UKINETS guidance has a rather nice graphical guidance sheet click here
In all the big procedures I’ve had in my local NET Centre, I have always been admitted the day before to receive what they describe as an ‘Octreotide Soak’. The link below is an example of the UK standard for pre and peri-operative protection (please note your NET team may be working to a slightly different protocol based on their own version of best practice, just to emphasise that this is an example and not advice).
I did not have protection for some procedures prior to diagnosis (even when in hindsight I had carcinoid syndrome), and after my diagnosis. Additionally, I don’t need anything special for dental procedures involving epinephrine. There have been no incidents.
What about minor procedures?
Patients are always asking about the risk and requirements for smaller procedures such as an Endoscopy. There does not seem to be common guidance on this but Dr Woltering who is always forthcoming with advice suggests 200 micrograms of Octreotide before the procedure commences. Looking at the UKINETS guidance click here, there appears to be a less risk-averse approach by considering whether patients are symptomatic or not (syndromic or not).
The Dentist
A frequently answered question and nothing is contained in any national guidelines (to me that says there is not a huge connection). Epinephrine is one of the so called “5 Es of carcinoid syndrome” (so technically should only affect those with serotonin secreting NETs). The only advice on this comes from known specialist Dr Woltering and everything is contained in my blog about the 5 Es of Carcinoid Syndrome. Additionally, in that blog there is also info for users of ‘Epi Pens’. You may need to de-risk those situations.
What about other types of NETs
This is a grey area because of the word “carcinoid” which technically only covers serotonin secreting tumours and carcinoid syndrome. However, the new study I linked above would appear to take another view.
I know that NET patients other than those with ‘Carcinoid Syndrome causing tumours’ are also treated with somatostatin analogues, as they too can be subject to the effects of excess secretion of certain vasoactive peptides. Once again, the word ‘Carcinoid’ causes confusion. There are many types of NET that were never called ‘Carcinoid’ and this had led to great confusion. We need to call it something like Hormonal Crisis to avoid this confusion. I did note that Novartis (AAA) actually call it that in the Lutathera instructions – well done them!
Why is the issue relative to Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma?
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are catecholamine-producing neoplasms that can cause life-threatening hemodynamic instability, particularly intraoperatively, when the tumour is manipulated. In some ways, their version of ‘crisis’ is more complex and dangerous than the issues with ‘carcinoid crisis’ above. There needs to be significant pre-operative preparation in addition to peri-operative measures, in fact with this type of tumour, post-surgical treatment and monitoring is also required.
I recently read an article about a person with Pheochromocytoma. The person had what was described as an ‘Intraoperative Hypertensive Crisis‘ that appeared to be caused by her tumour type rather than the sort of incident that might occur in standard surgery. Hypertension (high blood pressure) can be a symptom of Pheochromocytoma so you can see the problem with surgery and other procedures. An interesting issue with this type of NET is that after surgery, the patient is at risk for hypotension (low blood pressure) from venous dilation caused by the sudden withdrawal of catecholamines. Read more here.
Summary
I highly suspect there are many examples from the NET world beyond what was once called the ‘carcinoid’ subtype of NETs and I’ve already given you at least one above. I’ll update this post as I discover other examples. In the meantime, make sure you ask your medical team about ‘crisis protection’ if you are to undergo any surgical or invasive medical procedure. Minor procedures should also be assessed.
Do we need to rename the term Carcinoid Crisis to Neuroendocrine Crisis or Hormonal Crisis? Absolutely right we do! We also need the big scientific organisations (ENETS/NANETS etc) to be more vocal on this subject given the confusion and lack of boundary to this issue above.
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I am not a doctor or any form of medical professional, practitioner or counsellor. None of the information on my website, or linked to my website(s), or conveyed by me on any social media or presentation, should be interpreted as medical advice given or advised by me.
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Please also note that mention of a clinical service, trial/study or therapy does not constitute an endorsement of that service, trial/study or therapy by Ronny Allan, the information is provided for education and awareness purposes and/or related to Ronny Allan’s own patient experience. This element of the disclaimer includes any complementary medicine, non-prescription over the counter drugs and supplements such as vitamins and minerals.
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Having neuroendocrine tumour is so lonely.
If you’re on Facebook, I have over 6000 members. It’ll might make you less lonely. https://www.facebook.com/groups/RonnyAllan.NeuroendocrineCancer/
Ronny Allan. My husband had a complete pancreatectomy, splenectomy, along with all gall he bladder removed, part of liver removed, part of stomach removed, part of colon removed. We believe all neuroendocrine tumors are gone. However, 1 week after surgery something happened at the hospital and they used epi off the crash cart, told me they needed a heart cath and a CT of the lung. Nothing showed up. Now ( a year later, after reading many of your posts) I’m wondering if this could have been a carcinoid crisis. He has several small procedures to place tubes and drains. Never had any problem since. He was moved to a different hospital after that had occured. What do you think? Can you have “carcinoid crisis” if the tumors are gone? Or maybe it was something else. Or maybe, he still has net somewhere?? ( I hope not🙏) myuhaszpratt@yahoo.com.
These things can happen to anyone in surgery, not just NETs but one week after surgery is odd. I suppose if he was in hospital, there’s a potential connection but my gut feeling is that this wasn’t a “carcinoid crisis”. Was his 5HIAA level elevated?
I recently had a liver embolization this wee and had a carcinoid crisis nearing the end of the procedure.. I did talk to the group before hand but they did not administer it before procedure. Did have it in the room when it happened. Very scared and this will not happen again. Love your blog.
Oh dear Margie, hope you’re doing OK.