Blue Book Archives

Tag: Blue Book

The definitive diagnosis and classification of individual cancers underpins the care of individual cancer patients, as well as research into cancer causation, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Traditionally, cancer classification has been based on consensus of histopathological opinion, with very limited consideration of molecular pathology. But new technologies are now transforming the field of pathology more rapidly than at any other time during the past 30 years, and it has become increasingly clear that the traditional approach to cancer classification is insufficient. Our understanding of cancer at a molecular level has now reached the point that this information must be included in diagnoses. Digital pathology and image analysis are also producing new insights, providing quantitative justification of many existing diagnostic criteria while challenging others. The rapid improvement in computer technology, including artificial intelligence, is already producing clinically applicable aids to diagnosis, and this trend is likely to accelerate.

There is an urgent need to integrate these facets of diagnosis into cancer classification internationally, and to update the WHO Classification of Tumours on a regular basis. IARC has been responsible for the WHO Classification of Tumours, also known as the WHO Blue Books, since the 3rd edition (2000–2005), which covered all organ sites in 10 volumes. The characteristics of each cancer type, including diagnostic criteria, pathological features, and associated molecular alterations, are described and illustrated in a strictly disease-oriented manner to provide the international standards for diagnosis and cancer research.

26 Feb 2025

By Ronny Allan

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Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma

A spotlight on NENs, Awareness, Patient AdvocacyAdvanced neuroendocrine cancer, Blue Book, Carcinoid syndrome, Carcinoid tumour, Cushing's syndrome, Diagnosis, Ectopic Cushing’s syndrome (ECS), Gastrinoma, Gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (GEP-NET), Glucagonoma, Hormones, Incurable cancer, Insulinoma, Metastatic Neuroendocrine Cancer, Mixed Neuroendocrine Non-Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (MiNEN), NET syndromes, Neuroendocrine, Neuroendocrine cancer, Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), Neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN), Neuroendocrine tumour (NET), Somatostatinoma, VIPoma

The riddle. For many years, I've been reading and blogging about Neuroendocrine Neoplasms, NENs for short. NEN is a relatively new term which came after my diagnosis. Nomenclature is still evolving and there is always something to learn. It's also true to say the term 'Neuroendocrine Neoplasms' is the same as saying 'Neuroendocrine Cancer'. These neoplasms are cancers that begin in specialised cells called 'neuroendocrine cells'. Neuroendocrine cells have traits similar to those of nerve cells and hormone-producing cells, particularly the latter. In face one NET specialist said "While the name “neuroendocrine” implies that these tumors involve both nerve…

03 Oct 2024

By Ronny Allan

5 Comments

A spotlight on Grade 3 (High grade) Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

A spotlight on NENs - Types, Awareness, Patient AdvocacyBlue Book, Differentiation, Grading, High grade neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN), High grade neuroendocrine tumour (NET), Ki-67, Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), MANEC, Merkel cell carcinoma, Mixed Neuroendocrine Non-Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (MiNEN), Molecular markers, Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), Neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN), Neuroendocrine tumour (NET), Poorly differentiated, Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC), Somatostatin receptors (SSTR), Well differentiated

Reviewed and updated 3rd July 2026 High Grade Neuroendocrine Neoplasms - the forgotten patient group? When reading articles in the mainstream media, found in medical publications; and even listening to doctors speak about my disease, it's clear that the focus is on the term "Neuroendocrine Tumours" or NET for short. Many websites of advocate foundation organisations and specialist scientific organisations, all still use the term "NET" in their naming. I too am guilty of having a large Facebook site falling into this category. It's little wonder that those with high grade disease can often feel like the forgotten patient group. …

11 Mar 2024

By Ronny Allan

25 Comments

The Classification, Grading and Staging of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (incorporating WHO 2026 classification changes)

Patient AdvocacyBlue Book, Cancer grading, Cancer staging, Carcinoid tumour, Differentiation, ENETS, Grade, High grade neuroendocrine tumour (NET), Intermediate grade NET, Ki-67, Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), Low Grade NETs, MEN1 syndrome, Mitotic count, Mitotic rate, Neuroendocrine cancer, Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), Neuroendocrine tumour (NET), Pathology, Poorly differentiated, Proliferative rate, Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC), Stage, Surgery, TNM staging system, Well differentiated

Updated 1 August 2026 This section of my website has been published and regularly updated since 2015 but the most recent updates to the World Health Organisation (WHO) Classifications for Digestive and Thoracic Systems are about to be published. You may see these important publications called 'Blue Books'. Digestive Systems The main changes worth mentioning here is the addition of two new subtypes of Gastric NETs - Types IV and V, a genetic mutation and PPI related respectively. A larger update will be added when the publication is available online. Thoracic Systems (Lung/Thymus) The "multidisciplinary expert group" that drafted these…